Insights into the culture of the Sicilian Epigravettian populations. Objects, ornaments and tools from trench M in the cave of San Teodoro (Acquedolci, Messina, Italy)

Renewed excavations at Grotta di San Teodoro Acquedolci in Sicily, a significant Pleistocene site for studying both fauna and ancient human populations, focused on a newly opened excavation area named Trench M. This vertical cavity, approximately 2 meters deep and averaging less than 80 cm in width, revealed layers rich in Epigravettian artefacts, charcoal, and food remains. The excavation unearthed three distinct layers: a superficial layer compromised by modern pollutants, a middle layer containing meal remnants and rare Bronze Age ceramics, and a deeper layer (M3) resembling previously identified Epigravettian occupation layers elsewhere in the cave. Discoveries from M3 include distinctive artefacts such as perforated marine shells with red pigment traces, polished stone pendants, and tools indicative of symbolic and industrial activities. These findings underscore the sophisticated resource management and symbolic practices of the Epigravettian inhabitants. This study contributes valuable insights into the cultural dynamics and material culture of this ancient Sicilian community.