Species richness prediction and priority conservation planning for rare Michelia species in China

Numerous species are at risk of extinction due to habitat degradation caused by human activity and global warming. Using the optimized MaxEnt and Marxan models, we investigated the relationship between species richness and various factors by predicting the species richness of rare Michelia species based on distribution data and natural ecological factors in China. Additionally, national nature reserves and parks were overlaid with priority conservation zones having irreplaceability values ranging from 80 to 100 to identify conservation gaps. The findings indicate that rare Michelia species are found in southern Yunnan Province, which exhibits the highest concentration. The high richness zones are expected to shrink to 0.62×10 ⁴ km ² under future climate scenarios. Northern high latitudes and higher altitudes are expected to offer better habitats for the majority of rare Michelia species. With the intensification of climate change, it is anticipated that this migration will exceed 150 km. Priority conservation zones for rare Michelia species are primarily located in the southeastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the south-central part of Yunnan Province, the central part of Sichuan Province, the western part of Chongqing Municipality, the southern part of Guizhou Province, the northern part of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the southern part of Hunan Province, the northern part of Guangdong Province, the eastern and southern parts of Jiangxi Province, the northwestern part of Fujian Province, the southern part of Zhejiang Province, the central part of Taiwan Province, and the southwestern part of Hainan Province. These priority conservation zones account for only 0.86% of the land area of China, with 6.6×10 ⁴ km ² of prioritized conservation zones not yet designated as nature reserves or parks. To effectively embody the principle that 'green mountains are golden mountains,' we recommend expanding conservation zones for rare Michelia species within designated priority zones and enhancing habitat conservation measures.