The effect of eave and window modifications on house entry behavior of Anopheles gambiae

Background Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites to humans mostly by biting them indoors at night. An. gambiae predominantly enter houses through ventilation openings such as open eaves and windows. Methods Here, we studied how flying An. gambiae approach and enter a house, and whether barriers to reduce mosquito house entry alter mosquito flight patterns. We used stereoscopic high-speed videography to reconstruct nearly 70,000 three-dimensional tracks of mosquitoes flying around a house during 30 experimental nights, with five combinations of closed or screened eaves and windows. Results We found that these eave and window treatments did not affect the number of mosquitoes attracted to the house. In all cases, mosquitoes were most active during the early evening, with lower but sustained activity throughout the night. Most An. gambiae approached the house by flying directly towards the eave in a straight, upward sloping path, and most flight activity near the house was in front of the eave. Due to the highly attractive nature of the eave area of the house, window treatments had limited to no effect on the number of house entries when eaves were left open, highlighting the importance of closing or screening eaves to prevent mosquito house entry. For the screened eave treatment, An. gambiae spent about 10× as much time near the eave over the course of the night compared to treatments with open or closed eaves. Moreover, these mosquitoes returned multiple times, persistently trying to enter the house. When the eave was fully closed, mosquitoes deferred from the eave area towards the screened window, but the initial approach flights remained towards the closed eave. Conclusions Taken together, these results demonstrate the tendency of An. gambiae to direct house entry toward the eaves, and to only divert to other house entry points as a secondary option. The persistent mosquito flight near screened eaves may provide guidance for the placement of outdoor vector control tools.