Integrated decarbonization of hard-to-abate industry utilizing biomass reliefs burden on power sector

Transitioning to net-zero emissions in hard-to-abate industries is challenging due to limited electrification options. Here, we explore cost-optimal transition pathways for European hard-to-abate industries to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, considering existing production capacities and focusing on the strategic use of biomass, low-carbon hydrogen, and carbon capture and storage technologies. Our analysis highlights the pivotal role of biomass and carbon capture and storage in industry decarbonization, which proves particularly valuable in the decarbonization of the methanol and cement industry. In contrast, the use of low-carbon hydrogen remains limited to industries, where it is needed as feedstock. Implementing integrated planning strategies is critical to effectively allocate biomass resources, manage trade-offs, and reduce pressure on the power sector. Planning without biomass is possible, but significantly increases the reliance on electrolytic hydrogen, leading to twofold electricity demands. Independently of biomass availability, policymakers should develop concrete strategies to facilitate the scale-up of carbon capture, transport, and storage infrastructure and enable the transition.