Rheumatic Heart Disease in a 14-Year-Old Boy with Aortic and Mitral Valve Involvement: A Case Report

Background Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) continues to pose significant health challenges, especially in adolescents, where it can lead to long-lasting complications. This case report discusses a teenage patient diagnosed with RHD following recurrent streptococcal infections, highlighting the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes. Case Presentation: The patient presented with chest pain, fatigue, and dyspnoea, prompting a comprehensive evaluation. An echocardiographic assessment revealed mitral valve regurgitation and left atrial enlargement. The management strategy focused on preventing further streptococcal infections through benzathine penicillin G as a key component of secondary prophylaxis. Inflammatory symptoms were addressed using high-dose aspirin and corticosteroids, while diuretics were utilized to alleviate heart failure symptoms. Additionally, anticoagulation therapy was initiated due to the patient’s atrial fibrillation, mitigating the risk of thromboembolic events. Regular follow-up appointments and echocardiographic evaluations were instituted to monitor cardiac function and the progression of valvular disease. The patient demonstrated significant improvement in symptoms and functional capacity, now classified as NYHA Class II heart failure. Conclusion This case underscores the necessity for early diagnosis, appropriate management, and long-term follow-up in adolescents with RHD to prevent complications and optimize patient outcomes. Moreover, it emphasizes the need for awareness and preventive strategies against rheumatic fever, a preventable cause of cardiovascular morbidity. Insights from this case contribute to understanding RHD in a paediatric context, advocating for a multifaceted care approach that includes patient education, dietary modifications, and lifestyle adjustments to enhance cardiovascular health.