Recurrent brain abscess due to pulmonary arteriovenous fistula:a case report and literature review

Background Brain abscesses are critical infections of the central nervous system, resulting from various pathogens. Common causes of recurrent brain abscesses include immunodeficiency, chronic otitis media, sinusitis, and intracranial infection spread. Although rare, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) is a significant risk factor for brain infections, as it allows pathogens to bypass pulmonary filtration and directly enter systemic circulation via abnormal vascular connections. Case Presentation: We report a case of a patient who developed two episodes of brain abscesses over a 35-year period following surgery for pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, suggesting a potential link between PAVF and recurrent brain abscess formation. Conclusions This case highlights the need to consider PAVF as a possible underlying cause in cases of recurrent brain abscesses. Additionally, we reviewed the literature on brain abscesses associated with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas to pr o vide a more comprehensive understanding of this rare but impactful association.