Gut microbiome-meta-transcriptome analysis reveals that pyruvate and amino acid metabolism bacterial genes are involved in hyperuricemia and gout in humans

Background Several pathologies with metabolic origin, such as hyperuricemia and gout, have been associated with the gut microbiota taxonomic profile. However, there is no evidence of which bacterial genes are being expressed in the gut microbiome, and of their potential effects on hyperuricemia and gout. Materials and Methods We sequenced the RNA of 26 fecal samples from 10 healthy normouricemic controls, 10 with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH), and six gout patients. The coding sequences were mapped to KEGG orthologues (KO). We compared the expression levels using generalized linear models and validated the expression of three KO in a larger sample by qRT-PCR. Results A distinct genetic expression pattern was identified among groups. AH individuals and gout patients showed an over-expression of KOs mainly related to pyruvate metabolism (Log2foldchange > 23, p -adj ≤ 3.56x10 ^− 9 ), the pentose pathway (Log2foldchange > 24, p -adj < 1.10x10 ^− 12 ) and purine metabolism (Log2foldchange > 22, p -adj < 1.25x10 ^− 7 ). AH subjects had lower expression of KO related to glycine metabolism (Log2foldchange=-18, p -adj < 1.72x10 ^− 6 ) than controls. Gout patients had lower expression (Log2foldchange=-22.42, p -adj < 3.31x10 ^− 16 ) of a KO involved in phenylalanine biosynthesis, in comparison to controls and AH subjects. The over-expression seen for the KO related to pyruvate metabolism and the pentose pathway in gout patients´ microbiome was validated. Conclusions There is a differential gene expression pattern in the gut microbiome of normouricemic individuals, AH subjects and gout patients. These differences are mainly located in metabolic pathways involved in acetate precursors and bioavailability of amino acids.