Evaluation of dose dependent developmental response in Drosophila melanogaster to the diet fortified with Swarna Bhasma (Incinerated Gold).

Background: The gold-based Ayurvedic formulation Swarna Bhasma (SB) is renowned for its therapeutic applications, with a focus on pediatric treatment. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of scientific evidence regarding its safety and efficacy across different dosages, particularly when used in conjunction with honey and ghee. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the dose-dependent developmental response of Drosophila melanogaster to diets fortified with Swarna Bhasma . Methods: SB was characterized employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Drosophila melanogaster larvae were fed diets with varying concentrations of SB (0.6–10 µg/ml). Changes in survivability, larval body weight, crawling behavior, pupation, and adult eclosion were monitored. Cellular damage and oxidative stress were assessed through the Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay and Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) assay, respectively. Results: Moderate dose of SB (2.5 µg/ml) increased adult eclosion rates (121.7 ± 3.76%) and promoted normal crawling behavior. Higher doses (5 and 10 µg/ml) resulted in reduced pupation and eclosion rates, abnormal crawling, and significantly increased oxidative stress (37 ± 8.3%). No significant intestinal damage or phenotypic abnormalities were observed at any dose. Conclusion: SB demonstrates dose-dependent effects on Drosophila melanogaster development and behavior. Moderate doses are beneficial, while higher doses induce neurotoxic effects. These findings highlight the importance of determining safe and effective dosage for the therapeutic use of SB. Further research is needed to establish long-term safety and efficacy, particularly when used in combination with honey and ghee in Ayurvedic practices.