The impact of fused deposition modeling nozzle types on the structure of 3D printed fibers

When engaging in polymer printing, the structure and quality of 3D printed samples are contingent upon numerous adjustable parameters. The focus of this paper is to examine the disparities in the capabilities of 3D printer head nozzles employing fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology, while also considering the influence of software/technical methods that regulate filament extrusion. The study in question delves into the intricacies of how the structure/material of said nozzles (including composite variations) impact their performance, ability to print abrasive materials, and danger of clogging. The primary objective of this research endeavor is to attain the thinnest possible thickness of the printed fiber for each respective material (PLA and TPU-CF). Additionally, the shape of cross-section, uniformity of the fiber, distance to the print bed, and instances of breakage are taken into account. It is worth noting that the refinement of the fiber structure frequently correlates with the temperature range during filament extrusion, thereby affecting its flowability. It has also been substantiated that there are techniques that effectively assist in achieving finer structures that are unobtainable through standard printing methods. The acquired results are classified to facilitate the understanding of the connections between different nozzle types and printing parameters, while also highlighting their optimal performance regarding fine detail and quality. In essence, the findings have reassured that the adjustment and balance of the entire system in attaining the established objectives wield a significantly greater influence than individual components.