Mitochondrial FIS1 level in cumulus cells correlates with morphological grades of human cleavage-stage embryos

Background Advanced-age women have a lower good-quality embryo rate (GQER) compared to young women. However, GQER varies widely within the same age group, suggesting that factors beyond age influence embryo quality. Mitochondria regulate the metabolism of their host cells through dynamic fission and fusion alterations. Specifically, cumulus cell (CC) mitochondria regulate not only the metabolism of CCs but also of adjacent oocytes. This study aims to investigate the relationship between CC mitochondrial dynamics and oocyte developmental potential post-fertilization. Methods CCs were collected from 183 women aged 25–45 undergoing single sperm intracytoplasmic injection-embryo transfer treatments. Samples were stratified by age into young (< 35) and advanced-age (≥ 35) groups. Each group was further subdivided into high and low subgroups based on the Day 3 GQER. Mitochondrial morphology, dynamics, and fission-fusion gene expression were compared among groups and subgroups. Results Consistent with the literature, data analysis from our laboratory revealed significant variances in GQER among individuals of the same age group. Morphological analysis suggested a negative correlation between GQER and mitochondrial length in CCs ( P  < 0.0001, r=-0.38). Live-cell imaging showed that both fission and fusion frequencies of CC mitochondria in the advanced-age group were lower than those in the young group ( P  = 0.009, P  = 0.01). Additionally, within the advanced-age group, CC mitochondria from the low GQER subgroup exhibited lower fission frequency and fission-fusion ratios compared to the high GQER subgroup ( P  = 0.04, P  = 0.01). Consequently, GQER positively correlated with mitochondrial fission-fusion ratio in CCs ( P  = 0.01, r = 0.44). Notably, there were no significant differences in the expression of mitochondrial fusion-related proteins (OPA1, MFN1, and MFN2) between the advanced-age and young groups or among the subgroups. However, levels of fission proteins, including FIS1 and MFF, were significantly lower in the advanced-age group compared to the young group and in the low GQER subgroup compared to their high GQER counterparts. qPCR results further indicated that fis1 and mff mRNA levels in CCs were positively correlated with GQER ( P  < 0.0001, r = 0.55; P  = 0.0025, r = 0.41). Conclusions Mitochondrial morphology, dynamics, and fission-fusion gene expression in CCs influence early embryonic development, independent of age. Of these factors, the FIS1 level shows the most robust correlation with GQER.