The role of COX-2 in Knee osteoarthritis: a comprehensive analysis of cytokines, inflammation, and signaling pathways

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA)of the knee is a prevalent joint disorder closely associated with multiple factors, among which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a pivotal role in inflammatory responses and cytokine release. This review aims to elucidate the role of COX-2 in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis, analyze its interplay with key cytokines, and examine the signaling pathways involved in this process. By employing immunohistochemical techniques, we intend to gain a deeper understanding of the expression patterns of COX-2 and its functions within the inflammatory microenvironment, thereby providing new insights for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.