Potential Movement of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Iraq-the Role of Hyalomma Tick Species and Host Population Dynamics

This study is a retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional analysis examining demographic and epidemiological data of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in Iraq, covering suspected and confirmed cases from January 2018 to December 2023. Utilizing data from the Iraq CDC/zoonotic department, 1006 cases were analyzed, and confirmed via Real-time PCR and ELISA tests at the Central Public Health Laboratory. The study highlights the climatic conditions of Iraq, with its semi-arid and semi-tropical climate influencing disease prevalence. Results indicate a significant gender disparity in CCHFV cases, with 59.4% male and 40.6% female patients, suggesting differing exposure and susceptibility between genders. The age distribution shows higher infection rates among individuals aged 22 to 51, potentially linked to occupational exposure and outdoor activities. A notable increase in reported cases was observed in 2022 and 2023, accounting for 38.0% and 58.6% of total cases, respectively. This surge may be attributed to environmental and socio-economic factors, including climate change, urbanization, and population displacement. Geographic analysis reveals that provinces like Thiqar, Baghdad, Basra, and Misan report higher case numbers, indicating regional hotspots for CCHFV transmission. Risk factor analysis emphasizes the role of direct contact with raw meat, animal slaughtering, and tick bites as significant contributors to infection. The study also identifies key symptoms associated with poor prognoses, such as bleeding from injection sites, body orifices, and echymosis, which are significantly correlated with higher mortality rates. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions, including enhanced surveillance, vector control, and public education, particularly in high-risk regions. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of CCHFV is crucial for developing effective prevention and control strategies to mitigate the impact of this disease in Iraq.