Emerging countries' counter-currency cycles in the face of crises and dominant currencies

This article examines how emerging economies use countercyclical monetary policies to manage economic crises and fluctuations in dominant currencies, such as the US dollar and the euro. Global economic cycles are marked by phases of expansion and recession, often exacerbated by major financial crises. These crises, such as those of 1997, 2008 and the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, have a particular impact on emerging economies due to their heightened vulnerability to foreign capital flows and exports. Counter-cyclical monetary policies, including interest rate adjustments, foreign exchange interventions and capital controls, are essential to stabilize these economies. These measures aim to mitigate the effects of economic shocks, maintain price stability and promote sustainable growth. This article presents a theoretical analysis of economic cycles and financial crises, highlighting the role of dominant currencies in global economic stability. Currencies such as the dollar and the euro strongly influence emerging economies, notably through exchange rate variations and international capital movements. Analysis of the monetary strategies of emerging economies, through case studies of Brazil, India and Nigeria, reveals how these countries use tools such as interest rates, foreign exchange interventions and capital controls to manage the impacts of crises and fluctuations in dominant currencies. The article also highlights the challenges and limitations faced by these countries, including structural and institutional constraints and the reactions of international financial markets. Finally, an econometric analysis using a Vector AutoRegression (VAR) model illustrates the impact of monetary policies on key economic variables, such as GDP, interest rates, inflation and exchange rates. The results show that emerging economies, although sensitive to external shocks, can adjust their policies to stabilize economic growth in the medium and long term.