Ameliorative action of probiotics on the neurotoxicological effect of Aluminium chloride and D-galactose

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum NCDC701 against AlCl ₃ and D-galactose (D-gal) -induced Alzheimer rat model. The dose of AlCl ₃ (50mg/kg body weight) and D-gal (100mg/kg bodyweight) for 7 days induced oxidative stress such as amyloid plaque deposition, neuroinflammation, and reduction of neurotransmitters in the brain. In contrast, the supplementation of NCDC701 improved the neurotransmitter levels, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, while decreased the amyloid peptide, pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as LPS in colon and brain. The recovery in amyloid plaque deposition and tissue injury was also confirmed by the histopathological examinations. The supplementation of NCDC701 also improved the decreased expression levels of intestinal tight junction proteins, inhibited the up-regulation of p65, COX-2 and iNOS expression, and improved gut microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio, promoted beneficial microflora ( Oscillospira , Ruminococcus , Verrucomicrobia , Lactobacillus , and Prevotella ), and suppressed the pathogenic microflora ( Spirochaetes , Tenericutes , Prophyromonadaceae , Coprococcus, Clostridium , and Allobaculum ) by increasing the concentration of butyrate and total SCFAs compared to the AlCl ₃ and D-gal treated model. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the effect of NCDC701 intervention on the gut–microbiome–brain axis and should aid future understanding of probiotics for improved host health.