Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Analgesic, and Antibacterial Properties of Chrysopogon zizanioides Leaf Extract: An In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Evaluation

Chrysopogon zizanioides , commonly known as vetiver, has long been utilized in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study investigated Chrysopogon zizanioides leaf extract's antioxidant, antibacterial, analgesic, and antidiabetic properties. A diclofenac sodium standard and control group were used to compare the extract's analgesic impact in an animal model. The extract was 66.08% analgesic, whereas diclofenac sodium was 91.11%. Antibacterial activity was assessed against various bacterial pathogens, showing strong inhibition of gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus , with an inhibition zone of 30 ± 4.39 mm. The extract also demonstrated notable activity against gram-negative bacteria, with Escherichia coli exhibiting the highest inhibition of 22 ± 1.93 mm. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assays. The extract had an IC ₅₀ of 257.23 µg/ml, whereas ascorbic acid had an IC ₅₀ of 7.8 µg/ml. Moreover, GC-MS analysis identified 63 phytoconstituents and the antidiabetic activity showed as in silico model where in molecular docking 9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol acetate (3.beta.) showing the highest binding scores with proteins such as 5NN5 (-9.6820 kcal/mol) and 4GQR (-10.2851 kcal/mol). Additionally, Phytol demonstrated a Glide docking value of -9.1677 kcal/mol with protein 5F19. ADMET analysis showed the extract's non-carcinogenicity and good absorption, whereas PASS predictions and drug-likeness data suggested significant oral bioavailability, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Chrysopogon zizanioides leaf extract as a natural pharmacological agent. Further research, including clinical trials and isolation of active compounds, is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and confirm its efficacy and safety for human use.