Demographic Variation and Childhood Predictors of Perceived Discrimination Across 22 Countries

Discrimination remains widespread around the globe, but less is known about the prevalence, variability, and determinants of perceived discrimination across diverse cultures. This study investigates the variation in perceived discrimination across 22 countries and identifies key demographic and childhood factors shaping these perceptions. Using data from the Global Flourishing Study, we document substantial cross-national differences in perceived discrimination, with countries like Egypt, South Africa, and Nigeria reporting higher levels, while Sweden, Poland, and Tanzania exhibiting lower levels. Demographically, younger adults, separated individuals, the unemployed, frequent religious service attenders, and Muslims are more likely to report discrimination, although patterns vary by country. Importantly, we also identify significant childhood predictors of perceived discrimination in adulthood. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including abuse and feeling like an outsider within the family, significantly increase the risk of perceived discrimination later in life. However, childhood predictors’ effects vary across countries, suggesting both universal and culturally specific influences. Our study underscores the enduring impact of early life experiences on adult perceptions of discrimination and highlights the need for targeted interventions to address these root causes globally. The findings provide crucial insights for policymakers and scholars aiming to reduce discrimination and promote social equity across diverse cultural contexts.