Mantodea phylogenomics provides new insights into X-chromosome progression and evolutionary radiation

Background Praying mantises, members of the order Mantodea, play important roles in agriculture, medicine, bionics, and entertainment. However, the scarcity of genomic resources has hindered extensive studies on mantis evolution and behaviour. Results Here, we present the chromosome-scale reference genomes of five mantis species: the European mantis ( Mantis religiosa ), Chinese mantis ( Tenodera sinensis ), triangle dead leaf mantis ( Deroplatys truncata ), orchid mantis ( Hymenopus coronatus ), and metallic mantis ( Metallyticus violaceus ). We found that transposable element expansion is the major force governing genome size in Mantodea. Based on whole-alignments, we deduced that the Mantodea ancestor may have had only one X chromosome and that translocations between the X chromosome and an autosome may have occurred in the lineage of the superfamily Mantoidea. Furthermore, we found a lower evolutionary rate for the metallic mantis than for the other mantises. We also found that Mantodea underwent rapid radiation after the K-Pg mass extinction event, which could have contributed to the confusion in species classification. Conclusions We present the chromosome-scale reference genomes of five mantis species to reveal the X-chromosome evolution, clarify the phylogeny relationship, and transposable element expansion.