Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Associated Organochlorine Resistance in Mosquito-Borne Diseases (Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles dirus and Anopheles punctipennis): A Systematic Review Study

Introduction: Anopheles albimanus , Anopheles darlingi , Anopheles dirus , and Anopheles punctipennis are malaria vectors in many world regions. The resistance of these vectors against insecticides, especially organochlorine insecticides, has significantly hindered efforts to control them. Although one of the causes of resistance is kdr mutation, studies in this field have been done sporadically. As a result, this study was conducted to investigate the kdr mutation in the mentioned vectors using a systematic review method. Methods This study was conducted as a systematic review of kdr mutation in Anopheles albimanus , Anopheles darlingi , Anopheles dirus , and Anopheles punctipennis . Therefore, the international scientific databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched, and all relevant articles were extracted and surveyed without a time limit until the end of June 2024. The quality assessment of the articles was done using the Strobe checklist. Result Five articles were included in the systematic review process. The findings indicated that kdr mutation was not observed in any of the four species of Anopheles albimanus , Anopheles darlingi , Anopheles dirus , and Anopheles punctipennis , and the causes of resistance are other factors, including other metabolic resistances such as MFO and NSE. Conclusion Based on the findings, kdr mutation does not play any role in creating resistance in Anopheles albimanus , Anopheles darlingi , Anopheles dirus , and Anopheles punctipennis . Considering these vectors' various behavioral and biological characteristics, other metabolic and behavioral can cause resistance against organochlorine insecticides. Consequently, there is a need to conduct studies on the factors that cause resistance in these vectors.