Antifungal Efficacy and Biofilm Inhibition of Candida albicans by Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) in Vietnam: A Comprehensive Study

Candida albicans , a prominent constituent of the human microbiota, poses a significant health threat due to its opportunistic pathogenicity and adept biofilm-forming capabilities. This research delves into the antifungal attributes and biofilm inhibition potential of Tea Tree Oil ( Melaleuca alternifolia ) cultivated in Vietnam. Renowned for its bioactive compounds, including terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and terpinolene, the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia , commonly referred to as tea tree oil (TTO), is scrutinized for its impact on Candida albicans . The study meticulously determines the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of TTO against Candida albicans in both planktonic and biofilm states. Additionally, it assesses the biofilm-forming capacity of Candida albicans and establishes the Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC) and Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) of TTO. Employing a liquid culture dilution method within a defined concentration range of 0.1 µL/mL to 10 µL/mL, the experimental approach adheres to established protocols. The outcomes reveal a noteworthy MIC and MIC ₈₀ of 0.1 µL/mL and 2 µL/mL, respectively, and an MFC of 10 µL/mL for TTO against Candida albicans . Furthermore, TTO exhibits an MBIC of 2 µL/mL, showcasing its efficacy in inhibiting biofilm formation. However, the MBEC of TTO remains uncertain, possibly due to insufficient concentration tested, which may not effectively disrupt over 50% of the pre-formed biofilm mass within 24 hours. These results underscore the promising potential of TTO as a potent antifungal agent and biofilm inhibitor against Candida albicans, offering valuable insights for the innovation of novel therapeutic strategies in the realm of fungal infections.