Integrated Analysis of Cell Cycle and p53 Signaling Pathways Related Genes in Breast, Colorectal, Lung, and Pancreatic Cancers: Implications for Prognosis and Drug Sensitivity for Therapeutic Potential

Cancer, a leading cause of death worldwide, is projected to increase by 76.6% in new cases and 89.7% in mortality by 2050 (WHO 2022). Among various types, lung cancer (LUC) is the most prevalent and lethal, while breast (BRC), colorectal (CRC), and pancreatic (PAC) cancers also show high mortality rates. Cancer progression often involves disruption in cell cycle regulation and signaling pathways, with mutations in genes like TP53, EGFR, and K-RAS playing significant roles. In this study, we analyzed gene expression datasets to identify common molecular signatures across BRC, CRC, LUC, and PAC. Our focus was on genes related to cell cycle regulation and p53 signaling pathway, intending to discover potential biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies. The study analyzed GEO datasets; GSE45827, GSE9348, GSE30219, and GSE62165 for BRC, CRC, LUC, and PAC respectively. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using GEO2R, and functional annotation and pathway analysis were performed using WebGestalt. Common cell cycle and p53 signaling genes were acquired from MSigDB using GSEA. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, identifying top hub genes. Validation of Hub genes at mRNA and protein levels was done via GEPIA2 and HPA. Survival analysis was conducted using TCGA data, and drug sensitivity was analyzed with the GSCA tool, highlighting potential therapeutic targets. The study identified 411 common DEGs among these four cancers. Pathway and Functional enrichment revealed key biological processes and pathways like p53 signaling, and cell cycle. The intersection of these DEGs with genes involved in cell cycle and p53 signaling, identified 23 common genes that were used for constructing a PPI network. The top 10 hub genes were validated both for mRNA and protein expression, revealing they are significantly overexpressed in all studied cancers. Prognostic relevance showed CCNA2, CDC20, and CHEK1 are associated with poor survival outcome. Additionally, drug sensitivity analysis highlighted key gene-drug interactions, suggesting potential targets for therapeutic intervention.