Transcriptional reprogramming in oral squamous carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent form of cancer globally, originating from a diverse range of neoplastic transformations in the oral mucosa. This condition is characterized by its complex genetic underpinnings, involving the intricate regulation of multiple genes. Genetic factors influence cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of oral mucosal cells, thereby promoting or inhibiting tumor formation and progression. Furthermore, environmental factors—including smoking, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection—can significantly increase the risk of developing OSCC. These external influences can impact the disease in several ways. Delayed clinical detection and the absence of specific biomarkers, coupled with expensive treatment alternatives, contribute to poor prognoses among OSCC patients. Thus, identifying OSCC biomarkers has become imperative. This study investigates publicly accessible sequencing data of oral mucosal tissues from four distinct datasets—GSE23558, GSE30784, GSE36090, and GSE51010—archived in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. By analyzing these datasets, which encompass a range of genetic profiles and experimental conditions, the study seeks to uncover critical biomarkers and molecular pathways involved in the early stages of OSCC development. The primary objective is to identify pivotal genes linked to the onset of OSCC. The findings provide preliminary evidence for therapeutic targets in OSCC and may serve as a robust foundation for subsequent biological research endeavors.