Recent Advances in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review (2017-2024)

Objective: This systematic review aims to deliver a comprehensive and critical analysis of the recent advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) from 2017 to 2024. The study seeks to identify existing research gaps and provide evidence-based recommendations to guide future research and improve clinical practices. Methods: An exhaustive literature search was conducted across premier medical databases, including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, focusing on studies published between January 2017 and August 2024. The selection process was governed by stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure the relevance and quality of the studies. A total of 90 studies were included in the final analysis, which were rigorously assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool to maintain high methodological standards. Results: The review identified significant advancements in diagnostic technologies, particularly with the integration of PET-MRI and the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medical imaging, leading to a 40% increase in diagnostic accuracy. In terms of treatment, immunotherapies such as Ocrelizumab and Ofatumumab have shown substantial efficacy, with Ocrelizumab reducing relapse rates by up to 70%. Non-pharmacological interventions, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and customized exercise programs, were found to significantly improve patients' psychological well-being and physical function. Conclusions: This review underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to MS management, highlighting the critical role of advanced diagnostic tools, personalized immunotherapies, and non-pharmacological interventions in improving patient outcomes. Future research should focus on developing cost-effective diagnostic strategies, enhancing personalized treatment protocols, and exploring preventive measures to further advance clinical outcomes. The findings emphasize the need for ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration and the continuous professional development of healthcare providers to keep pace with the rapid advancements in MS management.