Planetary Health Diet adherence in relation to dietary cost and its variation by socio-economic factors among Iranian older adults

Poor dietary patterns among older adults are significantly influenced by socioeconomic status (SES) and food prices, impacting both diet quality and food choice. This study examines how dietary cost relate to the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) and assesses the role of SES in Iran's elderly population. In this cross-sectional study, 398 elderly individuals from southern Tehran were sampled. Dietary data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and adherence to the PHDI was evaluated based on EAT-Lancet guidelines. food costs were derived from the Iranian Statistics Center and retail prices. Multivariable linear regression analyzed the relationship between PHDI adherence and dietary cost. PHDI adherence varied significantly across demographics. Higher adherence was observed in females (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.71-0.95) and those with a BMI ≤27.5 (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73-0.97), while single individuals had higher scores (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.98). Higher PHDI tertiles were linked to lower daily dietary cost, with a significant decrease observed in the highest tertile compared to the lowest (β = -708,367 Rials, 95% CI: -1,060,371 to -356,362). However, this association was not significant among single and low-income participants. The study reveals that higher adherence to PHDI is associated with reduced dietary cost, although this relationship does not hold for single or lower income individuals. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to develop equitable public health strategies that promote affordable and sustainable dietary practices.