Mitigating Energy Holes and Enhancing QoS in Delay Tolerant Networks: The EEEHR-M Protocol

Networks with limited resources, known as delay-tolerant networks (DTNs), experience data loss as a result of node energy depletion and reduced network lifetime. To tackle these problems, the Energy Efficient Energy Hole Repelling Protocol for Mobile Nodes in Delay Tolerant Networks (EEEHR-M) is being developed. In this procedure, clusters are created, and the distance from the sink and leftover energy are used to determine the Cluster Head (CH). These CHs facilitate communication between adjacent clusters. The sink's location and the energy levels of the cluster's nodes are taken into account during cluster creation, the reduction of Cluster Members (CMs), and the optimal Cluster Head (CH) selection. An innovative remedy for the existing energy hole is provided by the suggested algorithm, EEEHR-M. The simulation results demonstrate an enhancement in the proposed routing protocol, Quality of Service (QoS) by 4%, with 8% less energy consumption and 6% less average latency when compared to other Epidemic, Optimal Energy Consumption Protocol (OECP), and Optimal Opportunistic Forwarding (OOF) protocols.