Epidemiological Temporal Trends of Opportunistic Infections and Mortality Rates Among Hospitalized HIV/AIDS Patients: A Retrospective Study in Beijing, China (2012-2022)

HIV-associated opportunistic infections (OIs) continue to pose significant challenges in the management of HIV/AIDS patients, influencing hospitalization rates and mortality outcomes. This retrospective study aimed to assess the spectrum of OIs and epidemiological temporal trends among inpatient HIV/AIDS cases at Beijing You'an Hospital from 2012 to 2022.Clinical data of HIV-infected inpatients were analyzed to evaluate the prevalence of OIs, incidence rates, and mortality rates associated with these infections over an 11-year period.Among 10,316 hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients, tuberculosis (18.3%) and Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) (15.3%) were the most common OIs. Over time, a significant decline in the incidence of PCP (from 23.8% in 2012 to 14.7% in 2022, p < 0.05) and tuberculosis (from 23.8% to 7.4%) was observed. Conversely, the incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections increased (from 0.3% to 2.7%, p < 0.01). Overall in-hospital mortality rate among HIV patients decreased from 5.5% to 2.1% (p < 0.05) during the study period, with a notable decline in PCP-associated mortality (from 9.2% to 4.1%). The study highlights shifting trends in the epidemiology of OIs among hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients, attributed partly to the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy. Despite declining mortality rates overall, PCP remains a significant contributor to in-hospital mortality among HIV-infected individuals, emphasizing the ongoing need for targeted interventions in managing these infections.