Multifaceted Investigation into the Absence and Potential Invasion of Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) in Taiwan

BACKGROUND The spotted lanternfly ( Lycorma delicatula ), a significant agricultural and forestry pest, poses concerns due to its potential for rapid spread in favorable environments. Originating from East Asia, its distribution and ecological impacts in various regions, including Taiwan, remain subject to uncertainty. This study employed a comprehensive methodology combining field surveys, museum specimen analysis, and ecological niche modeling to assess the presence and potential invasion risks of L . delicatula in Taiwan. RESULTS Despite extensive surveys over two years and thorough reviews of museum collections, which were estimated by iNEXT3D analysis to ensure survey completeness, we found no conclusive evidence for the presence of the species in Taiwan, challenging previous controversial records. Ecological niche models indicate that, under current climate conditions, L. delicatula might find suitable habitats primarily in specific high-altitude areas, while coastal and lower elevation zones generally show low suitability. Additionally, in Taiwan, most regions where the host plants of L. delicatula were recorded exhibited extremely low habitat suitability. Global climate change predictions suggest a possible northward shift in suitable habitats, and the existing limited suitable habitats in Taiwan may further decrease as climate change progresses. CONCLUSION However, concerning the relatively higher suitability for the species in particular mountainous areas, continuous monitoring and further research are recommended to conduct for better understanding the risk and preparing for potential future scenarios.