The experimental hut efficacy of next-generation insecticide-treated nets (Interceptor G2, Royal Guard and PermaNet 3.0) against wild free-flying pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors after 12, 24 and 36 months of household use in Benin

Background Cluster-randomised controlled trials (cluster-RCTs) have demonstrated variation in the epidemiological efficacy of different next-generation insecticide-treated net (ITN) types, with some providing shorter-lived impact than others. Further studies are needed to assess changes in the insecticidal durability of these ITNs over time to complement cluster-RCT results. Methods We performed a series of experimental hut trials to evaluate the bioefficacy of new and field-aged next-generation ITNs (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard®, Interceptor® G2) compared to a pyrethroid-only net (Interceptor®) against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in Covè, southern Benin. Field-aged nets were withdrawn from households at 12, 24 and 36 months. Net pieces cut from whole ITNs were analysed for chemical content, and susceptibility bioassays were performed during each trial to assess changes in insecticide resistance in the Covè vector population. Results Interceptor® G2 induced superior mosquito mortality than the other ITNs across all time points. The improved mortality with Interceptor® G2 compared to Interceptor® was evident across all time points but was greater with new nets (odds ratio (OR) = 8.6, 95% CI: [7.4, 10.1]) than field-aged nets (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: [1.8, 3.5] at 12 months, OR = 2.4, 95% CI: [1.6, 3.7] at 24 months and OR = 2.9, 95% CI: [1.6, 5.1] at 36 months). New Royal Guard® reduced mosquito fertility compared to the other ITNs, but this improvement fell after field-ageing, particularly at 24 months when it was similar to Interceptor® (11% vs 3%, p = 0.08). When new, mortality was significantly higher with PermaNet® 3.0 compared to Interceptor® (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: [3.0, 4.2]); however, this benefit was lost with field-aged nets at 12 months (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: [0.8, 1.5]) and 24 months (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: [0.4, 0.9]). Retention of the non-pyrethroid compound in next-generation nets was low after 36 months (27% for PermaNet® 3.0, 26% for Royal Guard® and 15% Interceptor® G2). Conclusions Interceptor® G2 outperformed the other ITNs, confirming the superiority of pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr nets over other net types. When new, all next-generation ITNs showed superior bioefficacy compared to Interceptor®; however, the size of this improvement fell after field-ageing due to poor durability of the non-pyrethroid compound. These findings emphasise the need to enhance the insecticidal durability of next-generation ITNs.