Dietary intake, Nutritional status, and Health outcomes among Vegan, Vegetarian, and Omnivore families: Results from the Observational Study

Plant-based diets are growing in popularity because of their perceived environmental and health benefits. However, they may be associated with safety risks, that may cluster within families. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 95 families (47 vegan [VN], 23 vegetarian [VG], and 25 omnivore [OM]), including 187 adults, 65 children >3 years, and 77 children <3 years old. Growth, cardiovascular health, bone turnover, iodine, and vitamin/micronutrient status were specifically assessed. We found no significant differences in children’s growth characteristics in children between the dietary groups. Better cardiometabolic indices in VN (LDL and total cholesterol) were found as early as in children >3 years of age. In addition, OM had a higher BMI, diastolic blood pressure, and lower fat-free mass in adults. Higher bone turnover (P1NP) was found in older children and adult VN, where it was related to higher PTH levels. Paradoxically, vitamin D levels were generally higher in VN. Lower urinary iodine, associated with lower intake in VN was found across all age strata, with no effect on TSH. Mixed models suggested that namely height, micronutrient status (Se, Zn, and urinary iodine), and vitamin levels (folate, B12, and D) are clustered within families. Our results show that dietary habits significantly impact on nutritional biomarkers, with family influence playing an important role. Although no serious adverse effects of the diet were found, iodine status and bone health in vegans warrant further research.