Wildlife Ecological Spectrum: unveiling alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) diversity of the Kaptai National Park, Bangladesh

This study investigates the impact of different habitats forests, rivers, and tourist areas on the biodiversity of trees, birds, mammals, reptiles, and invertebrates. Data were collected from 90 plots, using quadrat sampling for trees, circular strip transects for birds, live trapping for small mammals, and reptiles, pitfall traps for ground-dwelling species and invertebrates, and transects for butterflies. Biodiversity indices, including alpha, beta, and gamma diversity, were calculated using the R programming environment, specifically the vegan and iNEXT packages. Results indicated significant differences in species richness and composition among habitats. Forest areas had an alpha diversity index of 86 for trees, 104 for birds, 46 for mammals, 45 for reptiles, and 35 for invertebrates. River-associated forests showed higher species richness and evenness, with significant beta diversity, particularly among invertebrates. Tourist areas exhibited reduced species richness, with the alpha diversity index slightly lower at 84 for trees and 33 for invertebrates. The Shannon diversity index values were highest for trees (3.60) and lowest for invertebrates (1.00), indicating a well-balanced distribution of species in forests and a significant impact of human activities in tourist areas. Statistical analyses, including the Games-Howell test and NMDS, confirmed significant differences in species distributions across habitats. Rarefaction curves highlighted the highest species richness in forests, while tourist areas showed a quicker plateau, indicating fewer overall species. The study also examined the impact of conservation efforts, correlating diversity metrics with reforestation and anti-poaching activities. The findings underscore the importance of habitat-specific conservation strategies. Recommendations include prioritizing the protection of high-biodiversity habitats, restoration initiatives in disturbed areas, continuous ecological monitoring, public education, and stringent enforcement of environmental policies. These measures are crucial for enhancing biodiversity conservation and maintaining ecological integrity in diverse habitats. This research provides valuable insights into the relationship between habitat types and biodiversity, informing effective management practices to preserve ecological diversity.