Heart and Lung Point-of-Care Ultrasonography Tutoring in Internal Medicine: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: In recent years, point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) has been integrated into internal medicine practice with most curricula composed of a single course. Despite competency acquisition during the course, a significant decline in proficiency occurs in the subsequent weeks due to a lack of regular practice and training. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a structured POCUS tutoring, on POCUS use and skills retention at 6 months. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, internal medicine residents were enrolled after completing a practical course focused on heart and lung ultrasonography. Residents assigned to the intervention group were paired with a tutor, and time slots were scheduled for bedside direct supervision over the following 6 months. The primary outcome was the proportion of residents who successfully completed at least 25 POCUS examinations six months after inclusion. Secondary outcomes included self- and blinded-expert-assessed POCUS competency skills. Results: Between January and May 2022, 23 residents were included in the study. The intervention significantly increased the proportion of participants reaching the primary outcome (70% versus 0%; p <0.001) with a median of 27 (interquartile range, IQR, 6 to 44) supervised examinations performed versus 0 (IQR 0 to 0) in intervention and control arm respectively; p <0.001. After 6 months, proficiency was higher for most heart imaging but not for lung imaging, as assessed through self-assessment by participants or independently by blinded experts. Conclusions: Structured POCUS supervision significantly enhances the number of POCUS examinations and proficiency at 6-months, particularly in applications requiring greater visuospatial skills.