Oncometabolic Surgery: The Metabolic Effects and Effectiveness of the Different Reconstruction Methods used in Gastric Cancer Surgery. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Gastric Cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Early stages of GC began being detected, giving rise to a new concern, Quality of Life. This study aimed to systematically assess the effects of different GC reconstruction techniques on postoperative type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HBP), and body mass index (BMI) reduction rate and to provide an overview of recent research on oncometabolic surgery (OS). Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching three databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We performed a meta-analysis of risk ratios and mean differences to estimate the impact of duodenal bypass, Roux-en-Y reconstruction, and residual stomach on T2DM, HBP, and BMI reduction rate. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I ² statistics. Results At the end of the follow-up, the duodenal bypass group compared to Billroth I had a significantly higher postoperative remission of T2DM and HBP, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.43 (95%confidence interval (95%CI)[1.27; 1.62]) and 1.3 (95%CI[1.00; 1.69]), respectively. Compared with the Billroth II group, Roux-en-Y reconstruction had significantly greater T2DM remission after gastrectomy (RR = 1.19; 95%CI[1.08; 1.31]), while HBP showed no significant differences. Regarding the improvement of HBP, total gastrectomy was significantly superior to subtotal gastrectomy (95%CI[1.01; 2.64]). A trend towards Roux-en-Y Esophagojejunostomy as the best option for T2DM remission was observed (95%CI[0.98; 2.77]; p = 0.06). Discussion Gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction appears to be the most effective treatment for T2DM remission. Further research is needed to assess the impact of OS on metabolic diseases.