Engineering functional CO2-fixing modules in E. coli via efficient assembly of cyanobacterial Rubisco and carboxysomes

Rubisco (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is the central enzyme for converting atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules, playing a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. In cyanobacteria and some chemoautotrophs, Rubisco complexes, along with carbonic anhydrase, are enclosed within specific proteinaceous microcompartments, known as carboxysomes. The polyhedral carboxysome shell ensures a dense packaging of Rubisco and creates a high-CO2 internal environment to facilitate the fixation of CO2. Rubisco and carboxysomes have been popular targets for bioengineering, with the intent of enhancing plant photosynthesis, crop yields, and biofuel production. However, efficient generation of Form 1B Rubisco and cyanobacterial β-carboxysomes in heterologous systems still remains challenging. Here, we developed genetic systems to efficiently engineer functional cyanobacterial Form 1B Rubisco in E. coli, by incorporating Rubisco assembly factor Raf1 and modulating the RbcL/S stoichiometry. We further accomplished effective reconstitution of catalytically active β-carboxysomes in E. coli by fine-tuning the expression levels of individual β-carboxysome components. In addition, we constructed hybrid carboxysomes with CO2-fxing activities, by creating a chimeric encapsulation peptide that permits the encapsulation of Form 1B Rubisco into α-carboxysome shells. Our study provides insights into the assembly mechanisms of plant-like Form 1B Rubisco and β-carboxysomes, and highlights the inherent modularity of carboxysome structures. The findings lay the framework for rational design and repurposing of CO2-fixing modules in bioengineering applications, e.g. crop engineering, biocatalyst production, and molecule delivery.