Atlas of tandem kinase proteins across the plant kingdom

Plant pathogens pose a continuous threat to global food production. Recent discoveries in plant immunity research unveiled a unique protein family characterized by an unusual resistance protein structure that combines two kinase domains (KD). This study demonstrates the widespread occurrence of tandem-kinase proteins (TKPs) across the plant kingdom. An examination of 104 plant species' genomes uncovered 2,682 TKPs. The majority (95.6%) of these KDs are part of the RLK-Pelle receptor-like kinase family, which is crucial for cell surface responses in plant immunity. Notably, 90% of TKPs comprise dual KDs, with over 50% being pseudokinases. Over 56% of these proteins harbor 127 different integrated domains, and over 47% include a transmembrane domain. TKP pseudokinases and/or integrated domains probably serve as decoys, engaging with pathogen effectors to trigger plant immunity. The TKP Atlas we created sheds light on the mechanisms of TKP convergent molecular evolution and potential function.