A Systematic Review on COVID-19 pandemic-related Gender-based Violence among Urban Poor in Low- and Middle-income Countries

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic imposed a colossal cost on governments worldwide, compelling them to adopt staying at home as a viable option for varying periods. These strategies have substantially reduced disease transmission, but have exacerbated existing gender inequality, resulting in a significant increase in gender-based violence (GBV). Method We conducted a search of eleven databases that were published between November 2019 and February 2022. Regardless of gender, studies that examined the prevalence of GBV among the urban poor during COVID-19 were included. The review did not consider secondary studies or studies published outside low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Included in the study were refugees, domestic workers, migrant labourers, slum dwellers, sex workers, and transgender individuals. The data were synthesised using thematic analysis. Results After identifying and screening a total of 6,490 publications at various stages, 20 studies were included. According to the studies, the prevalence of GBV has risen due to the pandemic. Financial hardship, alcoholism, social discrimination, school closures, lack of health facilities, limited transport, inadequate toilet facilities, and a misperception of COVID-19 infection contributed significantly to GBV during the pandemic. In addition, the difficulty of gaining access to law enforcement and legal institutions exacerbated instances of GBV. This persistent GBV has increased the likelihood of sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies, and vulnerability among people living with mental health in urban slums. Conclusion It is essential to acknowledge the scope of GBV, raise awareness of the issue, reform government policies at all levels, and improve victims' access to resources and support networks during emergencies.