Socio-cultural components related to the cropping, harvesting, and brewing of guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loe) for consumption in Amazonian Kichwa communities of Napo province, Ecuador

Background Guayusa ( Ilex guayusa Loe) is an Amazonian plant whose leaves contain chemical compounds with therapeutic and energizing properties. For the Kichwa nationality in Napo, the guayusa plant has traditionally been considered a fundamental part of their culture. In the last decade, the export market for the plant has been increasing, which has implied transformations in the cropping, management, and use of the plant. The main objective of this study was to identify and describe the practices and beliefs about the planting, harvesting, brewing, and benefits of guayusa among Kichwa families in Napo within the current context. The study of these practices and beliefs allowed us: a) to identify the values and cultural transformations associated with the use and management of the plant, and b) to detect new research topics to deepen our knowledge about the plant. Methods The methodology was qualitative using the specific following techniques: literature review, 18 semi-structured in-depth interviews with key actors and guayusa producers belonging to the Kichwa nationality, and field observation of guayusa crops and Kichwa family houses. Results The analysis shows that Kichwa families currently maintain some ancestral practices related to the crop management of the plant and its benefits. At the same time, the families’ consumption and ceremonial use of guayusa have undergone transformations. Conclusions Nowadays guayusa’s consumption transcends familial and ceremonial spaces, and it is brewed in different ways. Practices such as the analysis of dreams or punishment with tobacco and chili when drinking guayusa are not frequent. People are planting guayusa in order to sell it in national and international markets. These changes are perceived as a challenge to the preservation of Kichwa people’s cultural identity. In terms of the plant’s benefits, the endowment of energy and elimination of sleepiness, laziness, body aches, and hunger are highly valued. This study raises new questions about possible future research concerning the plant’s cultural, social, medical, and economic aspects.