Uncovering the genomic basis of symbiotic interactions and niche adaptations in freshwater picocyanobacteria

Background Picocyanobacteria from the genera Prochlorococcus , Synechococcus , and Cyanobium are the most widespread photosynthetic organisms in aquatic ecosystems. However, their freshwater populations remain poorly explored, due to uneven and insufficient sampling across diverse inland waterbodies. Results In this study, we present 170 high-quality genomes of freshwater picocyanobacteria from non-axenic cultures collected across Central Europe. In addition, we recovered 33 genomes of their potential symbiotic partners affiliated with four genera, Pseudomonas , Mesorhizobium , Acidovorax , and Hydrogenophaga . The genomic basis of symbiotic interactions involved heterotrophs benefiting from picocyanobacteria-derived nutrients while providing detoxification of ROS. The global abundance patterns of picocyanobacteriarevealed ecologically significant ecotypes, associated with trophic status, temperature, and pH as key environmental factors. The adaptation of picocyanobacteria in (hyper-)eutrophic waterbodies could be attributed to their colonial lifestyles and CRISPR-Cas systems. The prevailing CRISPR-Cas subtypes in picocyanobacteria were I-G and I-E, which appear to have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer from other bacterial phyla. Conclusions Our findings provide novel insights into the population diversity, ecology, and evolutionary strategies of the most widespread photoautotrophs within freshwater ecosystems.