Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity and Mechanical Properties of GIC incorporated with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

Objectives: Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are widely used in dentistry due to their adhesive properties, biocompatibility, and fluoride release. However, their mechanical limitations have prompted research into enhancing their properties. Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles have gained attention for their biocompatibility and bioactivity, making them a promising candidate for improving GICs. This study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating HA nanoparticles into GIC formulations, focusing on evaluating the nano-hardness, elastic modulus and antibacterial activity. Methods: The HA nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel technique and added to GIC at varying concentrations. The study included a control group and groups with 1%, 2%, 5% HA nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity was assessed using an agar diffusion assay against common oral pathogens, demonstrating an increase in antibacterial efficacy with higher HA nanoparticle concentrations. Mechanical testing revealed a decrease in nano-hardness with increasing HA nanoparticle concentration, indicating a softer material. Conversely, an increase in Young's modulus was observed with higher HA nanoparticle concentrations, signifying enhanced stiffness and resistance to deformation. Statistical analysis confirmed the significant impact of HA treatment on the mechanical properties. Results and conclusion: The findings suggest that HA incorporation alters the mechanical behavior of GIC, offering tailored material properties for specific clinical applications. The observed increase in antibacterial activity indicates the potential of HA incorporation to develop GICs more resistant to bacterial colonization, potentially reducing the risk of secondary caries and restoration failure. These results have critical implications for the development of advanced dental materials that combine improved mechanical performance and enhanced antibacterial properties, contributing to longer-lasting and more successful clinical outcomes.