Extreme Weather and hydropower System: Production, Resilience, and Sustainability

This comprehensive review examines the resilience of hydropower systems in the face of extreme weather events and climate change, synthesizing recent research and emerging trends in the field. The study analyzes global hydropower production trends, the impacts of extreme events on electricity grids, and innovative approaches to enhancing system resilience. Through a detailed comparative analysis of studies from 2010 to 2024, we identify key challenges and opportunities in hydropower resilience, including climate change adaptation, integration with other renewable energy sources, and the application of advanced technologies. The review highlights the critical importance of socio-ecological approaches, transboundary cooperation, and adaptive management strategies in ensuring the long-term sustainability of hydropower systems. Our findings reveal that integrating hydropower with solar and wind energy could increase grid stability by up to 60% by 2070, while AI-driven predictive maintenance could reduce unplanned downtime by 25–35%. The study also emphasizes the potential of nature-based solutions and the need for more robust international governance frameworks. This work provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals, offering a roadmap for enhancing hydropower resilience in an era of increasing climate uncertainty and environmental pressures.