Precision Control Method and Experimental Validation of Axial Shortening in Inertial Friction Welding Based on Single-Neuron Adaptive PID Strategy

Addressing the critical challenge of precision control over axial shortening in inertial friction welding, this paper proposes an intelligent control method based on a valve-controlled hydraulic motor system. By establishing an accurate transfer function model of the system, two controllers—conventional PID and single-neuron adaptive PID—were designed, and a co-simulation platform integrating AMESim and Simulink was employed for collaborative validation of the hydraulic system and control algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate that the single-neuron adaptive PID controller significantly outperforms conventional PID in dynamic response speed, overshoot suppression, and steady-state accuracy. To validate the practical efficacy of the control strategy, welding experiments were conducted with a target axial shortening value at 400 rpm, and precision testing was performed under extreme conditions by increasing the initial welding speed to 420 rpm. Experimental results indicate a minimal axial shortening deviation of only 0.16 mm between the preset and target speeds, confirming the proposed method's exceptional robustness and engineering applicability for precision axial shortening control. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical pathway for intelligent control of high-performance inertial friction welding equipment.