<em>Schmallenberg virus</em> at 15: Lessons Learned and the Unanswered Questions in a Changing Climate

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) has evolved from an emergent Orthobunyavirus identified in Europe in 2011 into an endemic pathogen with complex epidemiological dynamics. This review synthesizes advances in SBV research over the past 15 years, focusing on molecular pathogenesis, transmission ecology, and control strategies. We highlight the NSs protein as a key interferon antagonist, the mechanisms underlying fetal neurotropism, and the influence of climate change on Culicoides vector biology. Recent evidence of winter vector activity challenges traditional assumptions of transmission seasonality, with implications for disease management and trade regulations. Advances in diagnostics and vaccine development—including DIVA‑compatible and mRNA platforms—are critically evaluated, highlighting progress and persistent implementation gaps. Finally, we propose SBV as a model system for understanding arbovirus persistence and emergence in temperate regions within a One Health framework.