Advanced Materials and Architectures for Electrodes and Bioelectronics: A Short Review

The integration of electronics with biological systems reached a critical inflection point in 2026. The traditional model of rigid, flat, silicon devices has mostly been replaced by a new class of "tissue-equivalent" electronics—systems that match the mechanical modu-lus, ionic conductivity, and dynamic geometry of living matter. This review provides an extensive analysis of the materials (conductive hydrogels, MXenes, bioresorbable metals) and architectures (filamentary meshes, kirigami structures, fractal coatings) that define this era. This review evaluates the transition from surface electronic sensing to volumetric ionic transduction, highlighting recent discoveries in the field of injectables and transient implants.