A Complete CFD Methodology Based on Iterative Model Adjustment to Improve Wind Simulation Accuracy in Highly Dense Forest Area

Wind resource assessment (WRA) in densely forested and complex terrain remains challenging due to strong canopy-induced turbulence and enhanced wind shear, which significantly affect wind flow characteristics and increase modeling uncertainties. Based on a scientific collaboration between Meteodyn and EDF Power, this study proposes a complete and reproducible Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology based on an Iterative Model Adjustment (IMA) procedure to improve wind simulation accuracy in highly forested areas using standard industrial inputs. The approach relies on Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations implemented in Meteodyn WT™ software. The IMA procedure iteratively adjusts forest model parameters using wind speed profile measurements from a single reference mast until the simulated shear matches observations. The methodology was evaluated across three sites located in Finland, France, and Scotland, resulting in six calibration and cross-prediction cases under heterogeneous forest and complex terrain conditions. Results show that cross-prediction uncertainties were reduced significantly leading to a global mean absolute error of approximately 1.1%. Beyond its practical applicability, the study provides new insight into the physical role and parameter sensitivity of the canopy drag force term within RANS-based forest models. The refined parameterization improves the representation of forest-induced momentum sink effects, leading to enhanced wind speed and vertical shear simulation. These findings demonstrate that robust and accurate Wind Resource Assessment can be performed in complex terrain and forested areas without using advanced remote-sensing-derived canopy density datasets, and thereby offering a pragmatic and industrially applicable alternative.