Antifungal Potential of <em>Bacillus</em>, <em>Streptomyces </em>spp. and <em>Trichoderma asperellum A</em>gainst Phytopathogenic Fungi
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The increasing demand for sustainable plant protection products has intensified interest in microbial biocontrol agents (BCAs). The antifungal activity of ten actinobacterial strains of the genus Streptomyces were evaluated against phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum salicis, Fusarium oxysporum and F. graminearum using the dual-culture assay. All tested Streptomyces isolates exhibited antifungal activity, with S. venezuelae MSCL 350 demonstrating the strongest inhibition of fungal growth. The antifungal activity of T. asperellum MSCL 309, Bacillus subtilis MSCL 49, B. subtilis MSCL 1441 and B. stercoris MSCL 897 against twelve Fusarium spp. isolates obtained from oats was evaluated. T. asperellum effectively inhibited F. sporotrichioides, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum and F. poae in dual culture assay while minimal inhibition was observed against the F. graminearum strains used. Soluble metabolites produced by T. asperellum showed strong antifungal activity against Fusarium spp., whereas no significant inhibitory effect of volatile compounds was detected. B. subtilis MSCL 1441 inhibited the growth of all tested Fusarium isolates, while other two Bacillus strains showed no detectable antifungal activity. The results confirm the significant antifungal potential of selected Streptomyces, Trichoderma, and Bacillus strains and support their prospective application as environmentally friendly BCAs against phytopathogenic fungi.