Cation-Dependent Role of Water on the Dynamics and Ionic Conductivity of Levulinate Based Ionic Liquids

The effect of water on the dynamics and ionic conductivity of the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium levulinate ([C₂C₁Pyr]Lev) and 1-butyl-1- methylpyrrolidinium levulinate ([C₄C₁Pyr]Lev) was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) over a wide temperature range. Although both ILs share the same levulinate anion, water induces markedly different dynamical responses depending on cation structure. In both systems, water acts as a plasticizer, lowering the glass transition temperature; however, the extent of plasticization and the resulting relaxation dynamics are cation-dependent. Stronger water–cation interactions are observed in [C₂C₁Pyr]Lev, whereas in [C₄C₁Pyr]Lev, water primarily disrupts alkyl-chain packing, enhancing ionic mobility. Increasing hydration shifts the main relaxation to higher frequencies and increases liquid fragility, while translational ionic motion remains partially decoupled from structural relaxation. These results demonstrate that water plays a cation-specific and mechanistically distinct role in levulinate-based ILs, providing new insights into hydration-controlled glassy dynamics and charge transport relevant for the design of IL-based electrolytes under non-anhydrous conditions.