Exploring Microbiota-Based Interventions for Different System Diseases-Adjunct to Targeted Pharmaceutical Therapies

Pharmacomicrobiomics is the study of drug-microbiome interactions. In other words, it examines the dynamic relationship between the drug, the host, and the microbiome. This has become a rapidly evolving area in the realm of pharmacology and personalized medicine. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiome can influence the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs through various mechanisms while drugs can simultaneously alter microbial composition. Treatment approaches include regular targeted pharmaceutical therapies (eg: antibiotics, antidepressants), alternative treatment approaches (eg: CAM treatments- supplements, herbs), non-drug biological therapies, like ECT and TMS. The new term for this approach called Microbiome Based Medication Treatment, which has been seen as an alternative treatment approach and has been studied extensively in the last decade. This review article focuses on current knowledge on drug–microbiome interactions across multiple therapeutic systems, including cardiovascular, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, respiratory, endocrine, oncologic, musculoskeletal, and anti-infective therapies. Furthermore, we highlight the various pathways by which microbes can alter the various mechanisms like drug absorption, bioavailability, efficacy, and incidence of adverse effects, along with the clinical implications of drug-induced dysbiosis.