Beyond Adoption: Sustainability and Resilience Dimensions of Household Biogas Systems in West Java, Indonesia

Household-scale biogas has been widely promoted as a decentralized renewable energy option to improve rural energy access, enhance agricultural sustainability, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions; however, adoption remains uneven in many low- and middle-income countries. This study examines factors influencing biogas uptake among 201 dairy-based mixed crop–livestock households in West Java, Indonesia, and interprets adoption outcomes through a sustainability–resilience framework. A binary logistic regression model is applied to assess how household characteristics, institutional support, and perceived benefits shape adoption decisions. The results indicate that livestock ownership, participation in technical training, and perceived fuel-cost and time-saving benefits significantly increase the likelihood of biogas adoption, while education level and household income do not exert independent effects. Interpreted through resilience attributes of robustness, adaptability, and transformability, biogas adoption contributes to improved manure management, reduced reliance on fossil-based fuels, and enhanced adaptive capacity through learning and institutional engagement. Nevertheless, adoption remains constrained by fragmented institutional support and misalignment between renewable energy initiatives and prevailing energy-policy regimes, particularly long-standing subsidies for liquefied petroleum gas. These findings suggest that expanding biogas adoption requires not only technical feasibility at the household level but also coherent institutional arrangements and policy alignment to ensure durable sustainability and resilience outcomes in livestock-based rural systems.