Epigenetic-Genetic Coupling and Understanding the Molecular and Cellular Basis of Lamarckian Inheritance

This critical and selective review synthesizes the accumulating body of biological evidence supporting a process we term epigenetic–genetic coupling as a mechanistic basis for Lamarckian inheritance of somatically acquired adaptations. We propose that evolutionary processes in mammals and higher vertebrates can involve deaminase-driven, reverse transcriptase–mediated, RNA-templated targeted homologous recombination. We contrast well-established examples of “soft,” reversible epigenetic inheritance with historical and contemporary evidence suggestive of stable, DNA-integrated “hard” Lamarckian transgenerational inheritance. Our analysis indicates that the establishment of “hard” Lamarckian inheritance may require specific population dynamics, including inbreeding or interbreeding among phenotypically affected offspring, together with sustained and defined environmental stimuli over one or more generations to consolidate the acquired traits at the genomic level. We also present molecular and cellular evidence supporting RNA-to-DNA genetic feedback mechanisms involving targeted genomic integration, primarily mediated by the DNA repair–associated reverse transcriptase activity of DNA polymerase η. Finally, we review diversification mechanisms in molecular and cellular immunology that now routinely employ single-molecule, real-time, long-read genomic sequencing (6–8 kb). We recommend the broader application of these technologies in future breeding and experimental programs across other somatic systems. Their deployment offers a robust strategy for securing definitive “hard” molecular evidence of Lamarckian acquired inheritance in diverse biological contexts, including somatically acquired immunity, as well as adaptive behavioral and central nervous system phenotypes.