Are Axolotls Resistant to Cancer? Possible Explanations

Native to the lakes and wetlands of southern Mexico, the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a neotenic salamander that is renowned for its remarkable capacity for regeneration. Beyond regeneration, increasing evidence suggests that axolotls may also display resistance to cancer, making them a valuable model for exploring mechanisms of tumor suppression. This review provides an updated overview of molecular and physiological traits potentially underlying this resistance. Central aspects include their permanent larval state, high cellular plasticity, and tightly regulated cell proliferation during regeneration, all of which may limit malignant transformation. Additional mechanisms considered are their low metabolic rate, reduced thyroid hormone levels, decreased insulin sensitivity, presence of natural antitumor compounds, distinctive genomic and epigenetic features, and a robust innate immune system. Particular emphasis is placed on how these mechanisms may counteract established cancer hallmarks. Studying these features not only deepens understanding of axolotl biology but may also inspire novel strategies for cancer prevention and therapy in humans.