Three Pillars for Digital Health Assessment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): Technology Benchmarking, Digital Health Literacy, and Social Media Listening

Digital health technologies are reshaping healthcare, yet their evaluation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains uneven. This study identified three critical pillars of technology benchmarking, digital health literacy, and social media listening as essential for assessing digital health efficacy and equity. A scoping review, guided by PRISMA, was conducted in PubMed (September 2025) to synthesize peer-reviewed studies published between January 2020 and September 2025. Eligible articles addressed at least one of the three pillars and were relevant to LMIC health systems; opinion pieces and studies focused solely on high-income settings were excluded. Data were extracted systematically, and findings were synthesized descriptively. The integration of these three pillars provides a multidisciplinary framework for evaluating digital health in LMICs, underscoring the importance of tools that are technically sound, culturally appropriate, and developed through cross-sector collaboration.