A Qualitative Exploration of Conservation Agriculture as a Method for Achieving Food Security in Resource-Constrained Communities

Food insecurity remains a persistent challenge in South Africa, particularly in rural and township communities constrained by limited resources and environmental degradation. This qualitative study explores the potential of conservation agriculture (CA) as a sustainable farming method to enhance food security among small- to medium-scale farmers within the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in the Eastern Cape. Through purposive and snowball sampling, interviews were conducted with CA practitioners to understand their practices, motivations, and perceptions. Thematic analysis revealed diverse adoption patterns, ranging from full implementation to selective integration of CA principles, influenced by contextual, economic, and knowledge-based factors. Participants highlighted CA's role in restoring soil health, reducing dependence on agrochemicals, and fostering long-term resilience against climate variability. However, the high initial costs, delayed yield improvements, and limited institutional support emerged as significant barriers. The study underscores the importance of a multi-stakeholder approach, including government, NGOs, academia, and the private sector, to foster wider adoption of CA. Such collaboration should prioritize tailored support mechanisms, knowledge-sharing platforms, and enabling policies that center on resource-constrained farmers, particularly women and youth. Ultimately, CA presents a viable pathway to achieving both environmental sustainability and household-level food security in vulnerable communities.